Compiladores y Computadoras

Presentacion para el Foro de Innovacion Tecnologica de la Universidad Galileo

</p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>efutch</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2022/07/artificial-life-presentacion-para-el.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2022/07/artificial-life-presentacion-para-el.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-07-17T00:29:00-04:00'>12:29 a.m.</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/10248078/4533085157988750818' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> No hay comentarios.: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-action'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=4533085157988750818' title='Enviar la entrada por correo electrónico'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-949581126'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=10248078&postID=4533085157988750818&from=pencil' title='Editar entrada'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=4533085157988750818&target=email' target='_blank' title='Enviar esto por correo electrónico'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Enviar esto por correo electrónico</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=4533085157988750818&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=4533085157988750818&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Twitter'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Twitter</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=4533085157988750818&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=4533085157988750818&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>1 de febrero de 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='10248078' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2420369638380158185' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2420369638380158185'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2021/02/breve-introduccion-la-programacion-en.html'>Breve introducción a la programación en Prolog</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2420369638380158185' itemprop='description articleBody'> <p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic) es un lenguaje de programación que se basa en el lenguaje de la Lógica de Primer Orden, diseñado por Alan Colmerauer en 1970, y que se utiliza para resolver problemas en los que entran en juego objetos y relaciones entre ellos. Por ejemplo, cuando decimos "Juan tiene un trompo", estamos expresando una relación entre un objeto (Juan) y otro objeto en particular (un trompo). Más aún, estas relaciones tienen un orden específico (Juan tiene el trompo y no al contrario).</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-264e5e8f-7fff-62c2-2c1a-3fd63acb063c"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Por otra parte, cuando realizamos una pregunta (¿Tiene Jorge una moto?) lo que estamos haciendo es averiguando sobre una relación.  Además, también es posible usar reglas para describir relaciones: "dos personas son hermanos si ambos son hombres y tienen los mismos padres".</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La programación en Prolog se clasifica como programación declarativa ya que se especifica qué se tiene que hacer, en contraposición con los lenguajes tradicionales que dicen cómo se debe hacer (programación imperativa). Asimismo, Prolog incluye algunos predicados predefinidos, ajenos la lógica formal, así como algunos extra-lógicos, que tienen un efecto lateral como write, read y otro grupo que sirve para expresar información de control.  Por tanto, Prolog ofrece un sistema de programación práctico que tiene algunas de las ventajas de claridad y capacidad declarativa que ofrecería un lenguaje de programación lógica y, al mismo tiempo, nos permite un cierto control y operatividad.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Un programa en Prolog consiste en un conjunto de hechos (conocimiento) y un conjunto de reglas para manipular estos hechos. No hay declaraciones de tipo, inicializaciones u otras condiciones normales de los lenguajes de programación. Algunos ejemplos de hechos en Prolog son: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hombre(juan).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mujer(maria).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">edad(juan,29).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">edad(maria,25).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">padre(juan,pedro).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">padre(pedro,jaime).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">oficina(maria, b3128).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">amigo_de(maria,juan).</span></p><div><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1a1ab3fc-7fff-1c7c-4d87-5321d6a7f2fd"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Los hechos consisten en: </span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Un nombre del predicado por ejemplo hombre, mujer, y oficina. Este debe comenzar con una letra minúscula. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cero o más argumentos, tales como juan, b3128, y 29. </span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Observe que los hechos (y las reglas, y las preguntas) deben terminar con un punto.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Puede probar estos ejemplos de código en <a href="https://swish.swi-prolog.org/" target="_blank">SWISH</a>.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-b077c7ee-7fff-acc8-a5fe-bf481156fc83"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Un ejemplo de reglas en Prolog es: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">abuelo(X,Y) :-</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">padre(X,Z),</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">padre(Z,Y).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">El operador “:-'” se lee como “if'', mientras que la coma “,'' se lee como el operador “and”. La regla dice que “Y es abuelo del X si Z es el padre de X y Y es padre de Z”. Todos los argumentos que comienzan con una mayúscula (tal como X o Y) son variables. Las variables no se tratan como en lenguajes de programación convencionales - por ejemplo, no tienen que tener valores. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">La ejecución de un programa en Prolog implica el hacer preguntas que se cargan del “programa” que consiste en un conjunto de hechos y de reglas. Por ejemplo, usted podría consultar: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">? - abuelo(juan, jaime).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">A lo cual Prolog daría la respuesta “Yes”. Si pedimos una secuencia de preguntas puede ser que obtengamos: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">? - abuelo(juan, jaime).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Yes</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">? - abuelo(jaime, juan).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">No</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Las preguntas pueden tener variables en ellas, las que se pueden instanciar, es decir obtener un valor, cuando Prolog intenta contestar a la pregunta. Prolog mostrará todos los resultados de las instanciaciones que resultan de todas las variables en la pregunta. Esto resulta en un diálogo con el intérprete como el siguiente: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">? - abuelo(juan,AbueloDeJuan).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">AbueloDeJuan = jaime</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Podemos también darle vuelta a la pregunta de la siguiente manera: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">? - abuelo(Nieto, jaime).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Nieto = juan</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Observe que las variables AbuelodeJuan y Nieto puede tomar valores de cualquier tipo.   Asimismo, es posible consultar en la base de conocimiento (conjunto de hechos y reglas de Prolog), quien es abuelo de quien de la siguiente forma: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">? - abuelo(Nieto, Abuelo). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Nieto = juan, abuelo = jaime;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">no</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Prolog pasa sistemáticamente por todos sus hechos y reglas e intenta encontrar todas las maneras que puede asociar variables a valores particulares </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">para satisfacer la pregunta inicial. Con el siguiente ejemplo se ilustra otra característica importante del Prolog, dada esta base de conocimiento:</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-f16e7b15-7fff-30aa-aecb-d9388138cf67"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(león).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(cuervo).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">tiene_plumas(cuervo).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(X) :-</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(X),</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">tiene_plumas(X).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Luego de cargar este programa, si se hiciera la consulta </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(P)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">, el sistema respondería </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">P=cuervo</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">El mecanismo que Prolog sigue internamente hace corresponder la pregunta anterior </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(P)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> con la cabeza de la regla </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(X)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">, generando la nueva consulta </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(P)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> y luego tiene_plumas(P).  Note que animal(P) puede ser satisfecho asignando (instanciando) P con el valor leon.  Sin embargo, si Prolog continúa procesando con este valor llegará a la regla tiene_plumas(leon) la cual, de acuerdo al contenido de los hechos, no es verdad. Esto activa el mecanismo de backtracking (retroceso) en el cual el motor de inferencia de Prolog intenta buscar otro hecho del predicado animal que pudiera convertir en verdadera la pregunta, que corresponde a animal(cuervo). Esta prueba es cierta, así como tiene_plumas(cuervo), haciendo que toda la regla ave(P) sea cierta, con valor P = cuervo.</span></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Estructuras de datos y sintaxis básica</span></h2><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Lo anterior mostró brevemente como los programas en Prolog consisten en hechos, reglas y preguntas. Los hechos declaran las cosas que siempre evalúan al valor lógico Verdadero. Las reglas declaran las cosas que evalúan a Verdadero dependiendo de algunas condiciones. Los hechos y/o las reglas se pueden utilizar para definir relaciones (o predicados). Éstos pueden contar con uno o más argumentos. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Las preguntas se utilizan para validar contra la base de conocimiento si ésta es Verdadera, incluyendo qué valores de variables asociadas se requieren para hacerlo verdad.  Los hechos, las reglas y las preguntas son todas cláusulas de Prolog. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">La estructura de datos fundamental en Prolog es el término. Los términos del Prolog incluyen: </span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Átomos o entidades simples, que no se pueden separar.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Números </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Variables </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Objetos estructurados, como</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">libro(titulo(cryptonomicon),autor(stephenson))</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Las estructuras complejas como la mostrada previamente son útiles si deseamos agrupar información sobre una colección relacionada de objetos, o un objeto con componentes.</span></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Correspondencia de términos (unificación)</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">La unificación (“matching”) aplicada junto con la regla de resolución es lo que nos permite obtener respuestas a las preguntas formuladas a un programa lógico. La unificación constituye uno de los mecanismos esenciales de Prolog, y consiste en buscar instancias comunes a dos átomos, uno de los cuales está en la cabeza de una cláusula y el otro en el cuerpo de otra cláusula. Prolog intentará hacerlos coincidir (unificarlos)  mediante las siguientes reglas:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Una variable puede instanciarse con cualquier tipo de término, y naturalmente con otra variable. Si X es una variable no instanciada, y si Y está instanciada a cualquier término, entonces X e Y son iguales, y X quedará instanciada a lo que valga Y. Si ambas están no instanciadas, el objetivo se satisface y las dos variables quedan compartidas (cuando una de ellas quede instanciada también lo hará la otra).</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Los números y los átomos sólo serán iguales a sí mismos. Evidentemente, también se pueden instanciar con una variable.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dos estructuras son iguales si tienen el mismo nombre y el mismo número de argumentos, y todos y cada uno de estos argumentos son unificables.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">El predicado de igualdad (=) es un operador infijo que intentará unificar ambas expresiones. Un objetivo con el predicado no igual (\=) se satisface si el = fracasa,  y fracasa si el = se satisface.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Ejemplos:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">?- </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">X=juan, X=Y.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=juan, Y=juan</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">?- </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">juan=juan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">yes</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">?- </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">juan=jose.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">no</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">?- </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">1024=1024.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">yes</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">?- </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">“juan”=juan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">no</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">?- </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">f(X,Y)=f(A).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">no</span></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Backtracking (reevaluación)</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Al recibir una pregunta para que sea “probada”, Prolog recorre su lista de hechos y de reglas, en orden de arriba hacia abajo, buscando hechos o inicios de regla que hagan correspondencia con la pregunta. Cuando encuentra uno, almacena el lugar en la base de conocimiento hasta donde había llegado en su búsqueda, para que si la primera correspondencia no es satisfactoria pueda continuar y buscar más posibilidades. Como un ejemplo, suponga los siguientes hechos: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(tipo(loro),    nombre(arturo))).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(tipo(canario), nombre(tweety))). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(tipo(canario), nombre(percy)).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">A la base de conocimiento anterior se consulta la siguiente pregunta: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ave(tipo(canario), nombre(X))</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">.  El motor de búsqueda de Prolog primero tratará de corresponder la pregunta con el primer hecho, pero falla porque </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">loro</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> no corresponde con </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">canario</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">. Entonces intentará hacer la correspondencia con el segundo hecho, y tiene éxito con </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">X = tweety</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">. Sin embargo, pondrá un indicador en el lugar donde fue encontró una solución, para que si una búsqueda subsiguiente falla, regresará a la posición marcada, para buscar más soluciones (por ejemplo, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">X = percy</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">La reevaluación ("backtracking") consiste en volver a evaluar lo que se ha hecho e intentar resatisfacer los objetivos buscando una forma alternativa de hacerlo. Si se quieren obtener más de una respuesta a una pregunta dada, puede iniciarse la reevaluación pulsando la tecla «y» cuando Prolog acaba de dar una solución y pregunta «More (y/n) ?», con lo que se pone en marcha el proceso de generación de soluciones múltiples.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Vamos a ver dos conceptos ya utilizados y relacionados directamente con la reevaluación:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Satisfacer un objetivo: cuando Prolog intenta satisfacer un objetivo, busca en la Base de Conocimientos desde su comienzo, y:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">- si encuentra un hecho o la cabeza de una regla que pueda unificar con el objetivo, marca el lugar en la base de conocimientos e instancia todas las variables previamente no instanciadas que coincidan. Si es una regla lo encontrado, intentará satisfacer los subobjetivos del cuerpo de dicha regla.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">- si no encuentra ningún hecho o cabeza de regla que unifique, el objetivo ha fallado, e intentaremos resatisfacer el objetivo anterior.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resatisfacer un objetivo: Prolog intentará resatisfacer cada uno de los subobjetivos por orden inverso, para ello intentará encontrar una cláusula alternativa para el objetivo, en cuyo caso, se dejan sin instanciar todas las variables instanciadas al elegir la cláusula previa. La búsqueda la empezamos desde donde habíamos dejado el marcador de posición del objetivo.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">A continuación un ejemplo de una sesión interactiva de Prolog, que muestra los efectos del backtracking:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(mono).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(gallina).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(arana).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(mosca).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">animal(cocodrilo).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">gusta(mono,banana).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">gusta(arana,mosca).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">gusta(alumno,logica).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">gusta(arana,hormiga).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">gusta(cocodrilo,X) :- animal(X).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">gusta(mosca,espejo).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">regalo(X,Y) :- animal(X), gusta(X,Y).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">?- </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">regalo(X,Y).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=mono, Y=banana</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=arana, Y=mosca</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=arana, Y=hormiga</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=mosca, Y=espejo</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=cocodrilo, Y=mono</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=cocodrilo, Y=arana</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=cocodrilo, Y=mosca</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">X=cocodrilo, Y=cocodrilo</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">More (y/n)? </span><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">y</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">no</span></p><br /><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Recursión</span></h2><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Las definiciones recursivas se encuentran frecuentemente en los programas Prolog, en los que algunos predicados están definidos </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">recursivamente</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">, es decir, el cuerpo de la cláusula se llama a sí mismo. En la recursividad debemos tener cuidado en que se cumplan las “condiciones de límite” (punto de parada cuando utilizamos recursividad). Podemos observar que en la llamada de la cláusula recursiva al menos uno de los argumentos crece o decrece, para así poder unificar en un momento dado con la cláusula de la condición de parada.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">En la recursión encontramos dos partes:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">la primera parte en la que descendemos y construimos el árbol hasta encontrar el valor que unifica con la condición de parada, y</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">una segunda parte en la que ascendemos por el árbol asignando valores a las variables que teníamos pendientes en las sucesivas llamadas.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Casi cualquier programa no trivial en Prolog implica el uso de predicados recursivos – o sea, predicados que se llaman a sí mismos. La idea básica es la misma de las funciones recursivas de los lenguajes de programación funcionales. Sin embargo, como Prolog no se basa en el uso de funciones o procedimientos, se utilizan los predicados recursivos. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Suponga que escribimos un predicado en Prolog para determinar si alguien es un antepasado de alguien más.  Esto tiene una definición recursiva simple, expresada de la siguiente forma: X es antepasado de Y si X es padre de Y ó Z es padre de Y y X es antepasado de Z. Esto se escribe así: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ancestro(Persona, Antepasado):-</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">padre(Persona, Antepasado). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ancestro(Persona, Antepasado):-</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">padre(Persona, Padre), ancestro(Padre, Antepasado).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 14pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Note cómo el caso límite de la definición recursiva es una regla separada, precediendo el caso recursivo. Todos los predicados recursivos deben tener un caso límite, si no fallarían o entrarían en un lazo sin fin para siempre.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Asimismo, se debe tener cuidado de no escribir </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">recursiones circulares </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">(entrada en un loop infinito) y evitar la </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">recursión izquierda </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">(cuando una regla llama a un objetivo que es equivalente al objetivo original).  Este tipo de problemas causarían que Prolog no termine nunca.  A continuación un par de ejemplos sobre este tipo de condiciones:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Recursión circular:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">padre(X,Y) :- hijo(Y,X).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">hijo(A,B) :- padre(B,A).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Recursión izquierda:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">persona(X) :- persona(Y), madre(X,Y).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier, monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">persona(adan).</span></p></span></div></span></span></span></div></span> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>efutch</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2021/02/breve-introduccion-la-programacion-en.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2021/02/breve-introduccion-la-programacion-en.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-02-01T23:56:00-05:00'>11:56 p.m.</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/10248078/2420369638380158185' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> No hay comentarios.: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-action'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=2420369638380158185' title='Enviar la entrada por correo electrónico'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-949581126'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=10248078&postID=2420369638380158185&from=pencil' title='Editar entrada'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=2420369638380158185&target=email' target='_blank' title='Enviar esto por correo electrónico'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Enviar esto por correo electrónico</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=2420369638380158185&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=2420369638380158185&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Twitter'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Twitter</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=2420369638380158185&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=2420369638380158185&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/search/label/prolog' rel='tag'>prolog</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>2 de abril de 2019</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='10248078' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5824232176357328209' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5824232176357328209'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2019/04/cpu-stuck-at-078-ghz-780-mhz.html'>CPU stuck at 0.78 GHz (780 MHz)?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5824232176357328209' itemprop='description articleBody'> I recently had a Lenovo Thinkpad T440P with this problem.  Running Windows 10 Pro, had really slow performance, and the CPU was stuck into this speed, unable to throttle up.<br /> <br /> <b>How to fix</b><br /> <br /> Go into the BIOS and disable all settings related to CPU performance related to power management, including SpeedStep.  After disabling this settings, computer now runs at maximum speed all the time.<br /> <br /> <b>Cause</b><br /> <br /> In this case, the laptop had a dead battery.  This forced the power management to keep the CPU at the minimum possible frequency.<br /> <br /> <b>Other effects</b><br /> <br /> Unable to update BIOS due to battery unable to charge. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>efutch</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2019/04/cpu-stuck-at-078-ghz-780-mhz.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2019/04/cpu-stuck-at-078-ghz-780-mhz.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2019-04-02T16:46:00-04:00'>4:46 p.m.</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/10248078/5824232176357328209' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); 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return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5824232176357328209&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Twitter'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Twitter</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5824232176357328209&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5824232176357328209&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>8 de septiembre de 2017</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='10248078' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5902067339064069770' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5902067339064069770'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2017/09/annotating-online-presentations-using.html'>Annotating online presentations using an iPad Pro and the Apple Pencil, useful for a MOOC</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5902067339064069770' itemprop='description articleBody'> I am currently teaching the Compilers course remotely.  Because of the interaction and material (drawing tables, DFAs, NFAs, regexps, etc.) I wanted to present some kind of whiteboarding and Powerpoint slides, and draw over the slides.<br /> <br /> Since the class meets remotely, I am connected through Skype to the class, and need to share what's on my screen, but also add some white slides to use as whiteboard.  I've found a couple of different ways to do it:<br /> <br /> 1) Using Powerpoint for iOS to display the presentation and a Macbook for main screen.  This is  by far the best method, as the iPad Pro palm detection mechanism works beautifully here.  I then mirror the iPad's screen to the computer, and then share it out of the call.  To mirror the iPad screen, I use QuickTime.<br /> <br /> 2) Using Duet Pro for iOS, this essentially converts the iPad to something like a Cintiq tablet.  Mac OS does not include any Ink support, so Powerpoint does not work adequately with the iPad.  So this works best as a Windows setup.  However, gesture detection gets in the way, palm detection is not very good and makes me advance to the next slide when I'm writing on top of a slide, so that gets annoying.<br /> <br /> I'll keep trying, and maybe Duet Pro gets better on new releases, as I'll be using a Windows computer for the most part of the course. <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>efutch</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2017/09/annotating-online-presentations-using.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2017/09/annotating-online-presentations-using.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2017-09-08T14:50:00-04:00'>2:50 p.m.</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/10248078/5902067339064069770' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> No hay comentarios.: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-action'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5902067339064069770' title='Enviar la entrada por correo electrónico'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-949581126'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5902067339064069770&from=pencil' title='Editar entrada'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5902067339064069770&target=email' target='_blank' title='Enviar esto por correo electrónico'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Enviar esto por correo electrónico</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5902067339064069770&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5902067339064069770&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Twitter'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Twitter</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5902067339064069770&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=5902067339064069770&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/search/label/annotating' rel='tag'>annotating</a>, <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/search/label/compilers' rel='tag'>compilers</a>, <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/search/label/MOOC' rel='tag'>MOOC</a>, <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/search/label/online%20teaching' rel='tag'>online teaching</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>15 de mayo de 2017</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLq348J4vSFMaFXga2GQzXbxvf688HVdLndWlJVzcTt_W4a_fPSzpdFWHAK4S_yAHMC49h3lhx2CjCID056fMq1L5hVo2oYIsgSaQIvOPpd_n8U205Od9lXGFwNhs9Jg-W8Bix/s320/Win7-1.PNG' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='10248078' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1279767851639445193' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1279767851639445193'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2017/05/guia-rapida-y-sencilla-para-protegerse.html'>Guía rápida y sencilla para protegerse del virus ransomware WannaCry</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1279767851639445193' itemprop='description articleBody'> De forma muy rápida, presento algunos pasos que sirven para prevenir ser atacado por el virus ransomware WannaCry.  Igual, estas recomendaciones te protegerán de otros virus que vendrán más adelante, que aprovechen el ataque.<br /> <br /> <h3> Recomendaciones generales</h3> <br /> <ul> <li>Básico, aplicar todas las actualizaciones (updates) de Windows Update</li> <li>No hacer click o abrir archivos adjuntos en mensajes de correo electrónico que suenan amenazadores: perderás tu saldo, te adjunto factura, no pagaste esto, te ganaste esto, el Ministro dice, etc.</li> <li>No descargar parches de otros sitios que no sean Microsoft directamente.</li> </ul> <br /> <h3> <br />Para versiones obsoletas de Windows (XP, 2003, Vista)</h3> <br /> Microsoft ha emitido un parche que debes aplicar manualmente, el cual está disponible en esta dirección <a href="https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/msrc/2017/05/12/customer-guidance-for-wannacrypt-attacks/" target="_blank">Customer guidance for WannaCrypt attacks</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <h3> Para Windows 7</h3> <div> <br /></div> En el caso de Windows 7, Microsoft lanzó en marzo pasado el parche que cierra la vulnerabilidad, por lo que debes asegurarte correr Windows Update en tu máquina.  Si no has parchado desde marzo, la última versión de las actualizaciones (Rollup o Paquete Combinado) trae este parche.<br /> <br /> Entonces, lo primero, es asegurarte de ejecutar Windows Update, y que todas las actualizaciones sean aplicadas.<br /> <br /> Luego, para mayor seguridad, se debe desactivar el protocolo SMB1 siguiendo estos pasos:<br /> <br /> 1) Abrir un cmd con privilegios elevados:<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLq348J4vSFMaFXga2GQzXbxvf688HVdLndWlJVzcTt_W4a_fPSzpdFWHAK4S_yAHMC49h3lhx2CjCID056fMq1L5hVo2oYIsgSaQIvOPpd_n8U205Od9lXGFwNhs9Jg-W8Bix/s1600/Win7-1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLq348J4vSFMaFXga2GQzXbxvf688HVdLndWlJVzcTt_W4a_fPSzpdFWHAK4S_yAHMC49h3lhx2CjCID056fMq1L5hVo2oYIsgSaQIvOPpd_n8U205Od9lXGFwNhs9Jg-W8Bix/s320/Win7-1.PNG" width="276" /></a></div> <br /> 2) En la ventana del cmd, ejecutar lo siguiente:<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgheQMY8tJFb1qZU9xea-eTB0hL6vB0MehTK8y592eOpOj_Fhxm4yTGeZkgh_VQMLRlJH4ug-9PLJVVhER33ujkLjDZ4GTO2tpvTZJvFiu2fkB-i4Mc2ho63lbEm0F_gUjzbv8S/s1600/Win7-2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="81" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgheQMY8tJFb1qZU9xea-eTB0hL6vB0MehTK8y592eOpOj_Fhxm4yTGeZkgh_VQMLRlJH4ug-9PLJVVhER33ujkLjDZ4GTO2tpvTZJvFiu2fkB-i4Mc2ho63lbEm0F_gUjzbv8S/s320/Win7-2.PNG" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> En conjunto con el parche, esto cierra toda avenida de infección por medio de este protocolo obsoleto y con fallas de seguridad.<br /> <h3> <br />Windows 8, 8.1 y 10</h3> <br /> Para las versiones 8, 8.1 y 10 de Windows (incluyendo Windows RT), Microsoft lanzó en marzo pasado el parche que cierra la vulnerabilidad, por lo que debes asegurarte correr Windows Update en tu máquina.  Si no has parchado desde marzo, la última versión de las actualizaciones (Rollup o Paquete Combinado) trae este parche.<br /> <br /> Entonces, lo primero, es asegurarte de ejecutar Windows Update y que todas las actualizaciones sean aplicadas.<br /> <br /> Luego, para mayor seguridad, se debe desactivar el protocolo SMB1 siguiendo estos pasos:<br /> <br /> 1) Ir al Control Panel, Programas and Features y luego a Turn Windows Features On or Off<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig8vFStJvu4dULxt-1pTscGwvM2yEktwmBhahJUXKR4c7l59j9GhosUdgIAT2CyiGJqizMKWgsjMnCHW3OHCeA3N6raZpxPEn_ApyHrxc63kWSILaMbDEL-2a6l0WOXqIIYlEh/s1600/Win8-1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="97" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig8vFStJvu4dULxt-1pTscGwvM2yEktwmBhahJUXKR4c7l59j9GhosUdgIAT2CyiGJqizMKWgsjMnCHW3OHCeA3N6raZpxPEn_ApyHrxc63kWSILaMbDEL-2a6l0WOXqIIYlEh/s320/Win8-1.PNG" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> En español: Panel de Control, Programas y Características y luego Activar o Desactivar Características de Windows.<br /> <br /> 2) Desactivar el protocolo SMB1 en las características de Windows:<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmh-xUK05RaKu3J4L-RO8srrTzuko019UOBuMlL3kuGriODtmM8EV_LcYNg8EeL6Ff9J_fn6JoiZ5h-fO8YlQdUiQcN4X5fRAvcBg43096rezXLsQg5HH11QuxGLiFYL-YeeE4/s1600/Win8-2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmh-xUK05RaKu3J4L-RO8srrTzuko019UOBuMlL3kuGriODtmM8EV_LcYNg8EeL6Ff9J_fn6JoiZ5h-fO8YlQdUiQcN4X5fRAvcBg43096rezXLsQg5HH11QuxGLiFYL-YeeE4/s320/Win8-2.PNG" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> En conjunto con el parche, esto cierra toda avenida de infección por medio de este protocolo obsoleto y con fallas de seguridad.<br /> <br /> <h3> ¿Qué pasa si desactivo el SMB1?</h3> <div> Básicamente, se detiene el proceso para compartir archivos en equipos obsoletos.  No te debería afectar en una red moderna.</div> <h3> <br />Conclusión</h3> <br /> Espero que esto sea de utilidad.  No incluí los servidores, porque eso ya es otro servicio ;-)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>efutch</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2017/05/guia-rapida-y-sencilla-para-protegerse.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2017/05/guia-rapida-y-sencilla-para-protegerse.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2017-05-15T14:19:00-04:00'>2:19 p.m.</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/10248078/1279767851639445193' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> No hay comentarios.: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-action'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=1279767851639445193' title='Enviar la entrada por correo electrónico'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-949581126'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=10248078&postID=1279767851639445193&from=pencil' title='Editar entrada'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=1279767851639445193&target=email' target='_blank' title='Enviar esto por correo electrónico'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Enviar esto por correo electrónico</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=1279767851639445193&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=1279767851639445193&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Twitter'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Twitter</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=1279767851639445193&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=1279767851639445193&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>5 de septiembre de 2016</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='10248078' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='55090448994090548' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='55090448994090548'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2016/09/possible-fix-for-red-led-blinking-on.html'>Possible fix for red LED blinking on Raspberry Pi B+</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-55090448994090548' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;"> My Raspberry Pi B+ had a blinking red LED whenever I connected it to the USB ports on the Asus RT-N66C router. Because I've read everywhere that it meant that it was experiencing a brownout, I installed a <a href="http://amzn.to/2c6VGfZ" target="_blank">DROK USB tester</a> inline (it shows voltage and current on the USB connection). The connection voltage was a constant 5.01 V and current 0.23 A.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;"> As this was not a condition for brownout, I gathered from several answers on the Raspberry Pi formus that the cable type had something to do. My guess was that it shouldn't change, right?</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;"> I swapped the cable I was using, that only had charging leads active, with a full data+charge cable, and the LED stopped blinking. Current and voltage did not change, so I suspect that the B+ power supply somehow mistakes the lack of data cables as a low-voltage situation.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;"> This also explains forum answers that say that changing cables sometimes makes the blinking go away. Nowadays, some USB cables are used for charging only, and do not support data transfers. The B+ expects all leads to be supported. Hope this helps!</div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>efutch</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2016/09/possible-fix-for-red-led-blinking-on.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2016/09/possible-fix-for-red-led-blinking-on.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2016-09-05T12:48:00-04:00'>12:48 p.m.</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/10248078/55090448994090548' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> No hay comentarios.: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-action'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=55090448994090548' title='Enviar la entrada por correo electrónico'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-949581126'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=10248078&postID=55090448994090548&from=pencil' title='Editar entrada'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=55090448994090548&target=email' target='_blank' title='Enviar esto por correo electrónico'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Enviar esto por correo electrónico</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=55090448994090548&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=55090448994090548&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Twitter'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Twitter</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=55090448994090548&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=10248078&postID=55090448994090548&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Compartir en Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Compartir en Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>10 de junio de 2015</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='10248078' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1288374237053222066' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1288374237053222066'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2015/06/planificacion-de-la-continuidad-de.html'>Planificación de la Continuidad de Negocios</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1288374237053222066' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Desde los eventos sucedidos en 9/11, el mundo ha cambiado.  La confianza y conveniencia de las relaciones de negocios ha cambiado también, así como las necesidades de proteger personas, activos e información. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">La Planificación para la Continuidad de Negocios (<i>Business Continuity Planning – BCP en inglés</i>) consiste en un proceso, continuamente revisado y vivo, para mantener planes y acciones orientadas a mitigar el riesgo de que una empresa no pueda operar sus negocios ante la ocurrencia de un desastre o cualquier evento que interrumpa sus operaciones. No pensemos únicamente en desastres naturales: una interrupción de las operaciones puede deberse a una inundación, un incendio, una epidemia de gripe o hasta una manifestación o huelga que no permita al personal de la empresa presentarse a sus labores.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Actualmente, la mayoría de las empresas dependen en una gran medida de Información y Sistemas de Tecnología para cumplir sus metas y lograr sus objetivos.  Por esto mismo, el tema de Continuidad tradicionalmente se ha delegado a las áreas de Sistemas o Informática.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Lo anterior no es lo más adecuado, ya que lo que deseamos es recuperar y asegurar la continuidad de nuestro negocio; tener computadoras que funcionen 24x7 en un sitio alterno, pero sin personal para operarlas ni un sitio físico para trabajar, no nos permite cumplir completamente objetivo deseado.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">La Continuidad de Negocios consta de tres elementos principales:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ul> <li><b><u><span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Administración de Crisis</span></u></b><span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Debemos tener una respuesta efectiva ante la ocurrencia de un evento catastrófico.</span></li> <li><b><u><span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Reanudación de Negocios</span></u></b><span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Cómo vamos a hacer la recuperación de las funciones críticas de nuestro negocio, y la reanudación de entrega de servicios a los clientes.</span></li> <li><b><u><span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Recuperación de desastres informáticos</span></u></b><span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Cómo se realiza el manejo de la recuperación de los activos informáticos críticos, incluyendo sistemas, aplicaciones, bases de datos y redes.</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Por ejemplo, para el mercado financiero en Honduras, la Comisión Nacional de Banca y Seguros (CNBS) emitió la “<a href="http://www.cnbs.gob.hn/circulares/2005/C1192005.htm" target="_blank">Norma para regular laadministración de las tecnologías de información y comunicaciones en el sistemafinanciero – Circular 119/2005</a>”, la cual contiene un capítulo específicamente instruyendo a las instituciones financieras para contar con un Plan de Continuidad de Negocios.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;"><br /></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ES-HN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-HN;">Las necesidades del mercado y la competitividad, así como el aparecimiento de normativas y estándares relacionados, poco a poco van logrando que nuestras empresas adopten un proyecto a nivel general de Continuidad de Negocios.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>efutch</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2015/06/planificacion-de-la-continuidad-de.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://efutch.blogspot.com/2015/06/planificacion-de-la-continuidad-de.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2015-06-10T18:42:00-04:00'>6:42 p.m.</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/10248078/1288374237053222066' 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17 de julio de 2022

Artificial Life - Presentacion para el FIT 2020